Autor Wątek: Matthias Maurer - 18.03.1970  (Przeczytany 9078 razy)

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Odp: Matthias Maurer - 18.03.1970
« Odpowiedź #2 dnia: Luty 02, 2017, 12:49 »
Infografika z historią lotów astronautów z Niemiec...
"Why is it that nobody understands me, yet everybody likes me?"
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« Odpowiedź #3 dnia: Luty 02, 2017, 20:48 »
Dzisiejsza prezentacja nowego astronauty ESA (zdjęcia dzięki ESA):

https://livestream.com/ESA/astromm/videos/148323474 (po niemiecku)



"Why is it that nobody understands me, yet everybody likes me?"
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Polskie Forum Astronautyczne

Odp: Matthias Maurer - 18.03.1970
« Odpowiedź #3 dnia: Luty 02, 2017, 20:48 »

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« Odpowiedź #4 dnia: Luty 04, 2017, 08:52 »
Infografika z historią lotów astronautów z Niemiec...

Nie jest idealna ta infografika z Bilda.
W 1992 Merbold poleciał w styczniu, czyli PRZED Fladem, który poleciał w marcu.
A przede wszystkim Bild zgubił Gerharda Thiele, który poleciał Endeavourem w misji STS-99 w lutym 2000.

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« Odpowiedź #5 dnia: Luty 07, 2017, 12:13 »
Mathias Maurer – nowy astronauta ESA
BY MICHAŁ MOROZ ON 7 LUTEGO 2017


Mathias Maurer / ESA

Europejska Agencja Kosmiczna przedstawiła nowego astronautę, pochodzącego z Niemiec Mathiasa Maurera.

Mathias Maurer został oficjalnie przedstawiony drugiego lutego 2017 roku. Rozpocznie teraz podstawowy trening astronauty w Centrum Szkolenia Astronautów w Kolonii, który potrwa do końca 2017 roku.

W 2009 Maurer, inżynier materiałoznawstwa, znajdował się wśród 10 finalistów wybranych do nowej grupy astronautów Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej.Ostatecznie wybranych zostało sześć osób z następujących krajów: Niemiec, Francji, Danii, Wielkiej Brytanii i Włoch.

Obecnie cała szóstka odbyła już lot orbitalny (Thomas Pesquet jako ostatni z grupy przebywa w ramach pierwszej misji na pokładzie ISS). W momencie gdy część europejskich astronautów przechodzi na emeryturę, i gdy istnieje możliwość zwiększonego zapotrzebowanie na loty w najbliższych latach (misje na pokładzie kapsuł rozwijanych w ramach programu Commercial Crew, loty do nowej chińskiej stacji kosmicznej, a długofalowo nawet misje Oriona poza bliskie sąsiedztwo Ziemi) ESA uzupełniła korpus astronautów o nową osobę.



Szóstka astronautów z grupy 2009 odbyło już pierwsz lot orbitalny / ESA

Maurer od 2009 roku pracuje w ESA jako inżynier wsparcia załóg oraz jako capcom, czyli osoba z kontroli naziemnej wydelegowana do prowadzenia rozmów z astronautami na orbicie. Tym samym poznał już wiele procedur i technik związanych z programem lotów załogowych. W 2016 roku brał udział również w misji CAVES, w której astronauci z Europy, USA, Rosji a także po raz pierwszy z Chin uczestniczyli w symulacji wewnątrz jaskini Sa Grutta w Sardynii.

Dotychczas jedenastu obywateli Niemiec udało się w przestrzeń kosmiczną. Ostatnim był Alexander Gerst, który w 2014 roku spędził pięć i pół miesiąca na pokładzie Międzynarodowej Stacji Kosmicznej. Gerst trenuje obecnie do następnego lotu na ISS, który odbędzie się w połowie 2018 roku. Istnieje duża szansa, że Maurer w swoją pierwszą drugą podróż uda się kilka lat po locie Gersta, w jednym z następnym slotów przydzielonych dla astronautów ESA.

http://kosmonauta.net/2017/02/mathias-maurer-nowy-astronauta-esa/#prettyPhoto

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« Odpowiedź #6 dnia: Marzec 17, 2017, 20:56 »
Infografika z historią lotów astronautów z Niemiec...

Nie jest idealna ta infografika z Bilda.
W 1992 Merbold poleciał w styczniu, czyli PRZED Fladem, który poleciał w marcu.
A przede wszystkim Bild zgubił Gerharda Thiele, który poleciał Endeavourem w misji STS-99 w lutym 2000.

NewMan


German Astronauts:
http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10366/  ;D
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« Odpowiedź #7 dnia: Wrzesień 19, 2017, 17:19 »
ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer on sea survival training in China and flying to the Chinese Space Station
by Andrew Jones Sep 11, 2017


Matthias Maurer is the European Space Agency’s latest recruit to its astronaut corps, and recently trained with Chinese colleagues. ESA ESA–Philippe Sebirot

Matthias Maurer is a European Space Agency astronaut who has a Ph.D. in material science engineering. He joined ESA in 2010 as part of crew support and was part of the first delegation sent to China to establish contact with Chinese colleagues. Matthias was selected in the 2009 ESA astronaut class and officially appointed an ESA astronaut in January 2017. In August, he participated in sea survival training in China with Chinese astronauts.

Matthias talked with us about the training, his Chinese colleagues, international cooperation, learning Chinese and the possibilities of flying to the future Chinese Space Station.

Could you talk us through the training you just completed in China?

The training in China was sea survival training. If you return from space, you can also land in the ocean, and this is similar to the [Russian] Soyuz sea survival training. The capsule is put in the ocean with a crew of three on board. Inside the capsule, you need to change from your pressure suit into your sea survival suit which is a rubber suit. You also have some survival gear that's different to the Soyuz.

You have two inflatable boats among your rescue equipment which you need to inflate when you get outside. And then you need to jump into the water and get yourself on to the inflatable boats. Then you need to check that all your gear is ready. After this, you start using the GPS satellite telephone and all the gear that you have on board, and hopefully you're picked up. In this training, we trained for two possibilities of being picked up from the sea. One was a huge sea rescue ship using a basket to fish us out of the sea, and the second option was a helicopter rescue.

How was it to be in the capsule and perform these tasks and procedures?

Well, actually it was easier than I expected. I have not flown to space, so I have not had the similar training in the Soyuz capsule like my colleagues. But everyone who has flown on the Soyuz and had the sea survival training told me, well, it's very cramped, it's so tiny and hot inside and that's the main challenge - to change first into the winter clothing then into the rubber suit. So it's the heat aspect, such as the risk of getting heat stroke, inside this tiny capsule that is a major risk.

The Chinese Shenzhou capsule is actually much, much bigger than the Soyuz capsule. So that was much easier to change inside from the pressure suit into the rubber suit. And so, the heat problem was also not as severe as I had expected from what my colleagues told me about the Soyuz training. Sea sickness was also a risk that was talked about, but in the end everyone mastered it without becoming seasick.


ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer leaps from a Shenzhou capsule at Yantai, Shandong Province, in August 2017. ESA–Stephane Corvaja

Who were your colleagues while training off the coast of Shandong?

We had in total nine astronauts in training during the two weeks that we were there. My colleague and I, Samantha Cristoforetti, an Italian astronaut, were the two Europeans. And then we had seven Taikonauts, or Chinese astronauts. And in total we formed three teams of three each. For example, Yang Liwei was among team one with Wang Yaping, the second Chinese female astronaut and Zhang Xiaoguang. Team two was Liu Boming, Ye Guangfu and myself. And team three was Liu Wang, Chen Dong and Samantha Cristoforetti.

They have obviously trained for sea survival before, but never on the open sea. And so we were the first astronaut batch to use a brand new sea survival training centre in Yantai. Three other teams of astronauts also did this training before we were there, so in total there were 18 astronauts trained.

How did you and Sam Cristoforetti get along as a team with your Chinese colleagues?

Within the Chinese astronaut family, it was a very warm-hearted welcome! It was incredible. So Samantha and I, we immediately felt we were part of one family. We had breakfast together, we had lunch together, we had dinner together and in between we trained together and in the evening we walked along the beach and discussed things. So it was a really, really nice feeling.

And on a personal note, I believed this cooperation would work without any problems. The language barrier challenge is just to be efficient and safe while doing business. That is what I see as the main obstacle. I'm convinced that on the personal side and on the working level side, they would make ideal, perfect partners for the international community flying to space because the Chinese are as interested in and as motivated to fly to space as our American colleagues, or the Russian colleagues or the Japanese or the Canadians.


ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti joined Chinese colleagues in Yantai, China to take part in their sea survival training, on 15 August 2017. ESA–Stephane Corvaja

Both you and Sam Cristoforetti were speaking Chinese very well in Chinese television interviews. How long have you and any other ESA astronauts been learning the language?

Well, we still need to improve. Language is still the main obstacle for future cooperation. In 2012, Thomas Pesquet, my French astronaut colleague, and me, we started learning Chinese. Samantha had already started learning Chinese at university. And we are the only three European astronauts who are currently learning Chinese. We are looking forward to hopefully flying with the Chinese in the 2020s to the Chinese Space Station. Depending on how much time we have for other training or other activities, there are times when we learn a lot intensively and then there are times when we have less time. For example, Thomas was in space for half a year and obviously during that time and during the intensive training for his mission, he had little or no time to practice his Chinese.

Could you give an example of the language and the cultural challenges when you were cooperating with your Chinese counterparts?

Whenever you have a procedure and it is written in Chinese characters and if it's not in your mother tongue, it slows you down extremely. The risk of misunderstanding, if you don't know a Chinese character, is much bigger than if you don’t understand a word in the Latin or Cyrillic alphabet. So reading Chinese and running written procedures, for me, still seems like a big, big step.

We hope that we will go to bilingual procedures as we did for the ATV [Automated Transfer Vehicle cargo spacecraft], for example, where we had the same procedure on one page in English and one page in Russian. And so we hope that with the cooperation of the Chinese, we will have important procedures on one page in Chinese and one page in English. When you have voice communication, you need to talk in the capsule with the crew, and that went pretty well. I understood the Chinese quite well and the Chinese understand English quite well. So in between using the two languages, this worked out. Samantha and I are still at the mid-level of Chinese, so before we fly with the Chinese obviously we will have to spend one or two years in China just to improve our Chinese.

How big a step would you say this training was in spaceflight cooperation between ESA and China?

I would say it's a massive step forward because for the very first time we have foreign astronauts in China. For them it was really, really important. This training was so well prepared. They described it in their own press as feast-for-the-eyes training because of the technical effort that they put into this training - there was way more in there than you actually need. So, for example, the helicopter and the huge sea rescue ship, you could have done with a smaller vessel and a smaller helicopter, I would say. Overall it was outstanding. It was according to international standards, definitely.

ESA and China have also already cooperated on CAVES training, in 2016. What could be the next steps that the two sides could take?

In 2013, when I was over in China with Thomas Pesquet and some European management from ESA, we also looked into their capsule and their simulator. We performed docking and undocking, we talked about astronaut selection, about medical standards, and the first time that we did real training was that year. But the other stuff was also important to get to know how they work and how they do their business and how we could potentially work together in the future, where we see obstacles.

I believe it's the language that has been the main obstacle. So how would we do operations in the future and how would we talk? And will it be only Chinese that we talk on the loops or will we have European ground support personnel involved? Could we have Chinese and English being used in parallel? These are the big questions. But we’re looking for the way forward. I believe that the next step again is on a management level where the roadmap that is currently being worked on needs to be approved so that the next steps can be formally put together.

How significant do you think it is that ESA is now looking to increase cooperation with China for the post-International Space Station era?

Well, ESA recognises China as one of the main players. China has independent access to space for humans. They will soon have their own space station in low Earth orbit. And so, from my personal view, I see them on the same level as the Russians or NASA: an independent space agency that can do everything they want to do in space. So, if we bring the Chinese into the international community, then the international spacefaring community will profit from that, and we will become much stronger. If the next goal is exploration, then we need to have all the competencies that we can find around the globe. The ESA director-general strongly promotes the idea that when we fly to the Moon we should have the Chinese participating in this international endeavour.


ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer joined Chinese colleagues Liu Boming and Ye Guangfu in Yantai, China to take part in their sea survival training, on 19 August 2017. ESA–Stephane Corvaja

What does ESA have to offer in this regard?

ESA itself consists of 23 member states. So every day we are facing this problem of having different languages and different cultural backgrounds, and we know how to handle this and how to work efficiently together. So ESA itself is the perfect glue to build a link between the Chinese and the other international partners. ESA has a lot to offer the Chinese. We now have much more than 2,000 astronaut days in space. We have vast experience on the International Space Station and the Chinese are currently in the phase where they are preparing their new station. And they have to switch from a single mission, short-duration concept like the space shuttle mission, to make a comparison to the space station mode. So that is a huge, huge step, and ESA can help the Chinese to make this step.

If cooperation between ESA and China results in a joint flight to the Chinese Space Station in the 2020s, I suppose the material science section of the experiment module would be of particular interest to you.

Material science is what my heart speaks to, but it's not only material science. I mean, I also have a background as a paramedic. I didn’t do military service, I did the civil service, so life science is of interest and after my studies, I worked in an international company that produces blood filters, so fluid physics is also a main point there. So I think I cover a lot of the research topics with my background from university and from practical experience, therefore the ISS and the Chinese Space Station would be definitely interesting.

When are you targeting your first trip to space?

I hope to be on the 2020 flight, which is the next European flight is not yet assigned. But obviously I'm not the only one who is wishing or hoping for the 2020 flight. So it might also slip to 2021 or 2022. Definitely, that is the timeframe that I believe I will be in space.


Matthias Maurer, German ESA astronaut and material scientist, during spacewalk training in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory near NASA's Johnson Space Center, in Houston, Texas, in April 2017. ESA–Stephane Corvaja ESA–Stephane Corvaja

This interview has been edited for clarity and brevity.
http://gbtimes.com/esa-astronaut-matthias-maurer-on-sea-survival-training-in-china-and-flying-to-the-chinese-space-station?cat=chinas-space-program
« Ostatnia zmiana: Wrzesień 10, 2020, 03:22 wysłana przez Orionid »

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« Odpowiedź #8 dnia: Sierpień 01, 2018, 15:04 »
Astronauta o współpracy chińsko - europejskiej.

Feature: German astronaut looks forward to working in China Space Station
Source: Xinhua| 2018-08-01 19:48:18|Editor: xuxin by Xinhua writer Zhang Yirong

(...) China announced this May that all member states of the United Nations are welcome to cooperate with China to jointly utilize its future CSS.

Mauerer said China has a lot of advantages such as its own rockets, capsules and a space station.

Europe, on the other hand, has abundant experience in long-duration missions in space "which can be brought into our cooperation to make it develop more efficiently," Mauerer said.

http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-08/01/c_137361836.htm

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« Odpowiedź #9 dnia: Wrzesień 25, 2018, 21:29 »
http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Matthias_Maurer_graduates_as_ESA_astronaut

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Matthias Maurer graduates as ESA astronaut

25 September 2018

German citizen, Matthias Maurer, is now officially ESA’s newest astronaut, after graduating during a formal ceremony at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany, today.

Matthias’ graduation event marked three years since he began his astronaut training and it is clear the material scientist and polyglot is made of the right stuff.

Though he has always been fascinated by space and looked up to others like German ESA astronaut Ulf Merbold, Matthias says he never imagined one day he might become an astronaut himself.

 “I grew up in Saarland near a fighter-pilot training area, so as a kid, that’s what I wanted to be,” he explains, “later on, I wanted to study aerospace engineering and got into material sciences, but I always followed ESA closely to see what they were doing in space.”

When he saw the call for new ESA astronauts on television, Matthias had already studied in five countries, graduated with a doctorate in materials science and achieved national recognition for outstanding research. He says he jumped at the opportunity to combine a love of technology with international collaboration and adventure.

 Matthias was one of 10 applicants who made it to the final round of ESA astronaut selection in 2008. After narrowly missing out on astronaut candidacy at that stage, he went on to work for ESA in a variety of roles including crew support and Eurocom (European spacecraft communicator) before officially joining the ESA astronaut corps in 2015.

He has now completed basic and pre-assignment training, and is qualified to go to space. Once assigned to a mission, he will complete up to another two years of mission-specific training before launch.

Despite knowing the astronaut training programme more intimately than most, Matthias says it definitely had its challenges – both physically and mentally.

“Caves training, the NEEMO underwater training, survival training – all of these expeditions involve an element of risk. And Russian is even harder than I thought,” he laughs.

“When I applied for the astronaut programme, I didn’t expect that I would need to learn Chinese, so that is an additional challenge now.”

The graduation reflects the agency’s success in the International Space Station programme bringing new flight opportunities.

While Matthias awaits assignment to his first space mission, he will help manage projects at the ESA’s astronaut centre, continue learning Russian and Chinese and support fellow German astronaut Alexander Gerst during his Horizons mission.

He says he cannot wait to play a part in conducting science in space and enjoys the fact that astronauts are more than just ambassadors for human spaceflight – they are also in a unique position to share the success stories of the ESA as a whole.




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- Albert Einstein

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« Odpowiedź #10 dnia: Wrzesień 09, 2020, 06:00 »
Matthias Maurer - Unser Astronaut für den Mond
2405 wyświetleń•22 lip 2019

« Ostatnia zmiana: Maj 18, 2021, 04:49 wysłana przez mss »

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« Odpowiedź #11 dnia: Wrzesień 10, 2020, 03:14 »
@astro_matthias 2:40 PM · 26 sie 2020
Genau heute vor 42 Jahren flog Sigmund Jähn als 1. Deutscher ins All.
Im Moment bin ich in seiner ehemaligen Unterkunft im russischen Kosmonautenzentrum untergebracht und hatte heute meine 1. Prüfung zum russ. ISS Segment.
Hier erinnern sich noch sehr viele an ihn.
https://twitter.com/astro_matthias/status/1298601293498507265

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« Odpowiedź #12 dnia: Wrzesień 10, 2020, 03:18 »
Wg najnowszych doniesień z ESA astronauta Matthias Maurer ma wziąć udział w Dragon Crew-3 zaplanowaną wstępnie na wrzesień 2021.

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Michal Vaclavik, Czech representative at ESA: ,, Now baked at ESA. It is clear that ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet will fly on Crew-2, but we have now agreed that another ESA astronaut, Matthias Maurer, will fly to Crew-3 in September 2021. "

@astro_matthias 1:47 PM · 30 sie 2020 https://twitter.com/astro_matthias/status/1300037430737866752
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First training session on Russian ISS segment together with my buddy @Astro_Raja completed. My favourite classes were 'introduction to Russian space food'. Incredible tasty! @esaspaceflight

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« Odpowiedź #13 dnia: Listopad 22, 2020, 04:27 »
Weg­be­rei­ter für das, was wir 20 Jah­re spä­ter fort­füh­ren
30. Oktober 2020
Der Deutsche ESA-Astronaut Matthias Maurer im DLR-Interview


Dr. Mat­thi­as Mau­rer will auch zur ISS Credit: © DLR. Alle Rechte vorbehalten

Als sich am 2. November des neuen Jahrtausends die Luke der Internationalen Raumstation ISS zum ersten Mal öffnete, zog mit dem ersten ISS-Kommandanten William McMichael Shepherd (NASA/USA) und den Kosmonauten Juri Pawlowitsch Gidzenko und Sergei Konstantinowitsch Krikalev (beide Roskosmos/Russland) vor 20 Jahren die erste ISS-Crew in ihr neues Zuhause im All ein. Ihr 136-tägiger Aufenthalt endete am 19. März 2001 und markierte den Beginn des astronautischen Dauerbetriebes der Raumstation. Wie erinnert sich ein aktueller deutscher ESA-Astronaut an diese historische Mission? DLR-Redakteur Martin Fleischmann hatte die Gelegenheit, mit Dr. Matthias Maurer über die ersten drei Raumfahrer auf der ISS zu sprechen.

Interview von Martin Fleischmann

Herr Maurer, die ISS feiert am 2. November 2020 mit der ersten Langzeitbesatzung ihren 20jährigen astronautischen Dauerbetrieb. Haben Sie den Start der Expedition 1 damals mitverfolgt? Können Sie sich noch daran erinnern, was Sie damals am 2. November 2000 gemacht haben?

Den Start der ersten Langzeitbesatzung zur ISS Ende Oktober 2000 habe ich leider verpasst. Damals steckte ich in Aachen mitten in meiner Doktorarbeit. Ich war ganz in mein werkstoffwissenschaftliches Thema "Aluminiumschaum-Spritzschichtverbunde für den Leichtbau" vertieft. Da es damals weder soziale Medien noch Smartphones gab ist dieser Start leider an mir vorüber gegangen.

William McMichael "Bill" Shepherd, Juri Pawlowitsch Gidzenko und Sergei Konstantinowitsch Krikalev sind ja als Expedition 1 sozusagen auch die Wegbereiter Ihrer Mission. Welche Rolle spielt für Sie und Ihre Mission die Expedition 1?

Diese ersten Astronauten der ISS haben sie in Betrieb genommen. Sie haben wichtige Systeme installiert, beispielsweise für die Bereitstellung von Atemluft oder die Inbetriebnahme der Sanitärsysteme. Sie haben mit den ersten wissenschaftlichen Experimenten begonnen, die wir heute noch weiterverfolgen, zum Beispiel die Herstellung von Proteinkristallen. Aber auch die Motivation der jungen Generation, beispielsweise von Studentinnen und Studenten mithilfe von Amateurfunk beziehungsweise des ARISS-Projekts, wurde bereits von der Crew der Expedition 1 wahrgenommen. Das heißt die ersten Astronauten auf der ISS waren Wegbereiter für das, was wir jetzt, 20 Jahre später, fortführen. Heute natürlich viel zeitgemäßer, moderner und mit ausgereifteren Experimenten. Wir haben mittlerweile sehr viel dazugelernt.

Die drei durften ja damals vom Startplatz von Juri Gagarin zur ISS aufbrechen, was eine große Ehre war. Wie würden Sie die Mission insgesamt geschichtlich einordnen?

Die Expedition 1 war für die Raumfahrt sicher ein großer Meilenstein. Nicht nur für die USA, Russland und Europa, sondern für die Raumfahrt allgemein – und Wegbereiter für internationale Kooperationen und Langzeitmissionen.

Was fällt Ihnen spontan als Erstes ein, wenn Sie an diese Zeit zurückdenken und welche Erinnerungen haben Sie an die Expedition 1?

Meine Gedanken damals waren sicher "Mensch, Astronaut sein, das ist für mich so unglaublich weit weg." Mich hat Raumfahrt schon immer fasziniert, aber das ich selbst einmal in diese Rolle schlüpfen könnte, das hätte ich mir damals im Jahr 2000 mit Sicherheit nicht vorstellen können. Rückblickend muss ich darüber ein wenig schmunzeln, da ich in einem Jahr voraussichtlich auch dort sein werde.

Die ISS hat sich ja in 20 Jahren erheblich erweitert. Wie schätzen Sie die Forschungsmöglichkeiten heute im Vergleich zu damals ein?

In diesen 20 Jahren ist die Station unglaublich gewachsen. Die Experimente sind ausgereifter als damals. Die Experimentatorinnen und Experimentatoren wissen nun viel besser, wie man auch unter Bedingungen der Schwerelosigkeit Experimente ideal durchführt. Von daher ist die Qualität der Experimente heute eine ganz andere. Aber auch damals wurde schon erstklassige Forschung im Weltraum betrieben und die Experimente waren Wegbereiter für die herausragende Wissenschaft, die wir heute im Weltraum betreiben.

https://www.dlr.de/content/de/artikel/news/2020/04/20201030_wegbereiter-fuer-das-was-wir-20-jahre-spaeter-fortfuehren.html;jsessionid=77482D5EB881319CAAC4FBCB1C809840.delivery-replication1?nn=0cb29f2b-41da-48a5-aa41-05bfb73de2e4

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Odp: Matthias Maurer - 18.03.1970
« Odpowiedź #14 dnia: Marzec 18, 2021, 11:44 »
51 lat kończy astronauta ESA Matthias Maurer.

Cytuj
And #HappyBirthday to #ESA astronaut @astro_matthias  Maurer
(18 March) too! Currently preparing for his first flight to  @Space_Station
later this year #CosmicKISS

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Matthias_Maurer
« Ostatnia zmiana: Marzec 19, 2021, 09:06 wysłana przez mss »
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Odp: Matthias Maurer - 18.03.1970
« Odpowiedź #14 dnia: Marzec 18, 2021, 11:44 »