Apollo 11 – lądowanie na Księżycu BY KRZYSZTOF KANAWKA ON 20 LIPCA 2019
Pięćdziesiąt lat temu człowiek po raz pierwszy wylądował na Księżycu.
Dwudziestego lipca 1969 roku o godzinie 18:44 CET lądownik księżycowy oddzielił się od pojazdu Apollo. Na pokładzie lądownika pracowali Neil Armstrong oraz Buzz Aldrin. W kapsule Apollo pozostał Michael Collins. Lądownik księżycowy otrzymał imię “Eagle”.
Lądowanie na powierzchni Srebrnego Globu nastąpiło o godzinie 21:17 CET. Proces lądowania nie był prosty – lądownik poruszał się nieco szybciej niż w planowanej trajektorii. Pojawiły się także m.in. informacja o trudnościach w przetwarzaniu danych w czasie rzeczywistym przez komputer pokładowy oraz ostrzeżenie o kończącym się paliwie. Pomimo tych trudności lądowanie zakończyło się powodzeniem. Tuż po lądowaniu Armstrong przekazał do kontroli lotu:
“Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.” (...)
https://kosmonauta.net/2019/07/apollo-11-ladowanie-na-ksiezycu/50 Years Ago: One Small Step, One Giant LeapJuly 19, 2019
Still image from the live TV downlink.(...) At about 33,000-foot altitude, Armstrong and Aldrin were surprised by the first 1202 program alarm, which they had not seen in simulations. After a few seconds of analysis in MCC, Duke gave them a GO to proceed. The alarm simply meant the computer was overloaded with too much data and couldn’t process it all, but controllers felt confident they could proceed with the landing. When a second 1202 alarm sounded less than a minute later Duke once again gave the GO to proceed.
Eagle maneuvered to a more vertical orientation for the final phase of the descent. At about 5,000 feet and descending about 100 feet per second, Armstrong took over manual control of
Eagle’s attitude. As they passed through 3,000 feet with their descent rate slowed to 70 feet/second, Duke gave them the GO for landing, and they received the 1201 program alarm. Once again, Duke gave them the GO to proceed. Another 1202 flashed at about 1,000 feet altitude. At about 600 feet, noticing Eagle’s computer was taking them down into a boulder-strewn area near West Crater, Armstrong took over manual control of the descent. He pitched
Eagle to a more vertical orientation, which slowed the descent, and decided to overfly the rough area and look for smoother terrain to land on. Armstrong found and flew to a clearer spot for landing, and Aldrin called out that he saw the LM’s shadow on the Moon. Armstrong picked his final spot, about 60 meters east of Little West Crater. At about 100 feet, the fuel quantity warning light came on, indicating only 5% fuel remaining, giving Armstrong about 90 seconds of hover time left. With 60 seconds of fuel remaining, they were down to about 40 feet and the descent engine was kicking up dust from the surface, increasingly obscuring Armstrong’s visibility. At precisely 3:17:40 PM Houston time on July 20, 1969, Aldrin called out “Contact light,” indicating that at least one of the three 67-inch probes hanging from the bottom of three of the LM’s footpads had made contact with the Moon. Eagle drifted to the left when three seconds later, Armstrong called out, “Shutdown,” followed by Aldrin’s, “Okay. Engine stop,” indicating the DPS engine was shut off. They were on the Moon. In Houston, Duke noted via telemetry that the engine had shut down, and called to Armstrong and Aldrin, “We copy you down,
Eagle.” Armstrong responded with the historic words, “Houston,
Tranquility Base here. The
Eagle has landed.” (...)
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-one-small-step-one-giant-leapJuly 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For MankindJuly 20, 2019
Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong working at an equipment storage area on the lunar module. This is one of the few photos that show Armstrong during the moonwalk. Click image to enlarge. Credits: NASAJuly 1969. It's a little over eight years since the flights of Gagarin and Shepard, followed quickly by President Kennedy's challenge to put a man on the moon before the decade is out.
It is only seven months since NASA's made a bold decision to send Apollo 8 all the way to the moon on the first manned flight of the massive Saturn V rocket. (...)
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html50 Years Ago: Apollo 11 – The Journey HomeJuly 22, 2019
Shortly after the EVA, from Aldrin’s window, showing the flag and the TV camera.
The next morning, also from Aldrin’s window, showing that the flag had changed position.“
Tranquility Base, Tranquility Base, Houston,” called Capcom Ronald E. Evans on July 21, 1969, to awaken Apollo 11 astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin after their night’s sleep on the Moon. Armstrong responded with a crisp, “Good morning Houston.
Tranquility Base,” and Aldrin went on to describe how he had slept on the floor of the Lunar Module (LM) Eagle while Armstrong slept on the ascent engine cover with a make-shift sling to hold his legs up. Both slept with their suits, helmets, and gloves on since the temperature in the cabin was a chilly 61o F. Neither man had slept too soundly, partly from the excitement of the previous day’s activities, and partly from the unusual sleeping arrangements. Moreover, the Earth was shining through a navigation telescope right into Armstrong’s eyes. Evans had earlier awakened Michael Collins orbiting aboard the more spacious Command Module (CM)
Columbia, who had a more restful night. All three men prepared for
Eagle’s liftoff from the lunar surface and rendezvous and docking with
Columbia. Before departure, Armstrong and Aldrin used the 16-mm film camera to once more document their landing site through the LM’s windows, showing that overnight the American flag had shifted position, apparently settling in the loose lunar soil. (...)
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-apollo-11-the-journey-homeApollo 11 and Landing Site 2 in the Sea of TranquilityJuly 19, 2019
This photographic illustration compares the size of Apollo 11 Landing Site 2 with that of the metropolitan New York City area. Site 2 was one of three Apollo 11 lunar landing sites. This was the planned site if Apollo 11 launched on July 16, 1969, as scheduled. (...)
The white overlay is printed over a lunar surface photograph taken from Apollo 10 during its lunar orbit mission and is numbered AS10-31-4537.
https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/apollo-11-and-landing-site-2-in-the-sea-of-tranquility
Wątek: Apollo 11 (Przeczytany 106465 razy)