Apollo

[Orionid]

29.07.1960 Dr Abe Silverstein, dyrektor NASA ds. rozwoju lotów kosmicznych, nadał mitologiczną nazwę nowemu programowi kosmicznemu. Taka była geneza nazwy programu Apollo.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/abe-silverstein
https://twitter.com/NASAhistory/status/1553047705156571140

Abe Silverstein (15.09.1908-01.06.2001)

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/silverstein_bio.html
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/abe-silverstein
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/1963_Abe.html

https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/abe-silverstein-and-race-moon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Silverstein

Abe Silverstein, 92, Engineer Who Named Apollo Program
By Wolfgang Saxon June 5, 2001

Dr. Abe Silverstein, a mechanical engineer who oversaw parts of America's fledgling space program of the 1950's and 1960's, died on Friday at his home in Fairview Park, Ohio. He was 92.

He went to work for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in 1929 and held leading positions at its successor agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, until he retired in 1970. He directed programs that led to the Mercury space flights and the Apollo missions that put the first man on the moon.

''NASA has lost a true founding member,'' said its administrator, Daniel S. Goldin.

Mr. Goldin said Dr. Silverstein's work directly contributed to the success of the United States' unmanned and manned space programs.

Born in Terre Haute, Ind., Dr. Silverstein graduated from Rose Polytechnic Institute in 1929 and returned for an advanced degree in mechanical engineering in 1934. By then, he had started his career at NASA's predecessor as an aerodynamic research engineer.

In the 1930's he was based at its Aeronautical Laboratory in Langley, Va. He directed wind-tunnel research that produced faster combat planes built in World War II.

In the middle of the war he was transferred to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland and headed its wind-tunnel and flight research division.

Later named overall chief of research, he oversaw the building of a supersonic wind tunnel, the largest, fastest and most powerful in the world.

He became associate director at Lewis in 1952, but in 1958, NASA called him to headquarters in Washington to be director of the Office of Flight Programs.

At the time, the United States was in a space race with the Soviet Union, and his responsibilities included unmanned and manned Project Mercury missions and Pioneer research probes of the solar system.

From 1961 until his retirement, he was the director of the Cleveland center, since renamed the John H. Glenn Research Center Lewis Field. He supervised the development of the Centaur launching vehicles that hefted spacecraft toward the planets Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Dr. Silverstein is survived by two sons, Joe, of Thousand Oaks, Calif., and David, of Maumee, Ohio; a daughter, Judy Cook of Columbia, Va.; and five grandchildren. His wife of 48 years, Marion Croster Silverstein, died in 1998.

Dr. Silverstein was credited with having put the labels on the Mercury and Apollo programs. The Roman god and the planet Mercury, it seemed, lent it a heroic ring, and most Americans knew the namesake from Detroit. But Apollo?

Dr. Silverstein recalled that he first dropped the name at a 1969 brainstorming session about how to top Mercury. ''No specific reason for it,'' he said. ''It was just an attractive name.''

Apollo, a son of Zeus, had many qualities, one of which was his ability as an archer who could hit targets at great distances.[...]

https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/05/us/abe-silverstein-92-engineer-who-named-apollo-program.html

[Orionid]

08.08.1966 został wykonany lot próbny LLRV z Donem Mallickiem.

8 août
(c'est un jour spécial avions expérimentaux) - 5
- 1966 : Vol d'essai du LLRV avec Don Mallick

https://twitter.com/spacemen1969/status/1688798444603736064

[Orionid]

18.08.1969 zespół pracujący nad mobilnymi środkami transportu na Księżycu Lunar Roving Vehicle Task Team MSFC zmienił nazwę na Lunar Mobility Task Team.

With a contract pending MSFC's Lunar Roving Vehicle Task Team (established on 7 Apr) becomes the Lunar Mobility Task Team OTD in 1969. The reconstituted team will continue to lead MSFC efforts to conceive, design, & develop various modes of lunar transportation for future crews

https://twitter.com/aisoffice/status/1692432049058062523

[Orionid]

30.09.1977 NASA wyłączyła sejsmometry zainstalowane na Księżycu przez załogi Apollo 12,14,15,16,17.
01.10.1977 NASA rozpoczynała nowy rok budżetowy.
Zaprogramowane były na dwuletnie działanie, a działały do 8 lat.
W ciągu 8 lat funkcjonowania sejsmometry ALSEP  zarejestrowały około 10000 trzęsień księżyca i 2000 uderzeń meteorytów.
Niektóre trzęsienia miały antropogeniczną naturę.

The Apollo lunar science stations will be shut down because of dwindling power reserves at the stations and budgetary limitations here on Earth.

https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/26502/why-were-the-perfectly-functioning-seismometers-placed-by-apollo-12-14-15-an
https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/HamishALSEP.html

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AGUFM.P23E3497W/abstract
https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.01785.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_Seismic_Experiment_Package
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12_Passive_Seismic_Experiment

[Orionid]

25.09.1969 Jim McDivitt został mianowany kierownikiem programu Apollo (Apollo Spacecraft Program Office) w MSC (Manned Spacecraft Center) (obecnie Johnson Space Center) w Houston.
Wybrał tę funkcję zamiast dowodzenia misją księżycową.
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-management-changes-at-nasa

Jim McDivitt was appointed the Apollo Program Manager OTD in 1969. Selected in 1962 McDivitt flew as commander of Gemini 4 & Apollo 9. He turned down the command of a lunar mission, taking the managerial role instead. He retired from NASA & the USAF following Apollo 16 in 1972.

Kod: [Zaznacz]

https://twitter.com/aisoffice/status/1706206187039953172

[Orionid]

08.10.1963 Joseph F. Shea został mianowany kierownikiem Biura Programu Statków Kosmicznych Apollo (Apollo Spacecraft Program Office).
Od 1962 był zastępcą dyrektora ds. inżynierii systemowej w biurze NASA ds. załogowych lotów kosmicznych (Deputy Director of Systems Engineering at NASA's HQ Office of Manned Space Flight).
Na nowym stanowisku pozostał do 1967, zanim opuścił NASA w 1968.
https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/adminbios.htm

Systems engineer Joseph F. Shea was named Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office OTD in 1963. Formerly the Deputy Director of Systems Engineering at NASA's HQ Office of Manned Space Flight since 1962 he remained in his new position until 1967, before leaving NASA in 1968

https://x.com/aisoffice/status/1710916973125640670

Joseph Francis Shea (05.09.1925–14.02.1999)
http://www.astronautix.com/s/shea.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea
https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/SheaJF/SheaJF_8-26-98.htm
https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/SheaJF/SheaJF_11-23-98.htm
https://www.nae.edu/188102/JOSEPH-FSHEA-19261999

[Orionid]

21.10.1964 w ramach programu artystycznego NASA powstała akwarela (Down the Mississippi) przedstawiająca tylną część barki „Promise”, przewożącej rzeką Mississippi pierwszy stopień i silniki RN Saturn V.

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/down-the-mississippi/nasm_A19780772000
https://www.academia.edu/26270568/The_NASA_Art_Program_Technology_Art_and_Conflicted_Visions_of_Progress_1962_1973
https://dcist.com/story/11/05/26/50-years-of-exploration-national-ai/

On #TDIH in 1964, the "Promise" barge carried the first stage and engines of the Saturn V down the Mississippi River. Artist Theodore Hancock captured the scene in watercolor as part of the NASA Art Program.

https://x.com/airandspace/status/1715832475249762433

https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch10.htm

Autor: Theodore ("Theo") R. Hancock (16.11.1923-28.07.1989)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Hancock
https://alchetron.com/Theodore-Hancock
https://www.nytimes.com/1916/11/20/archives/theodore-e-hancock.html

[Orionid]

28.10.1969 firma Boeing uzyskała kontrakt na budowę LRV (Lunar Roving Vehicle).

October 28, 1969: MSFC announces Boeing as the winner and General Motors’s AC-Electronics Defense Research Laboratories as the prime subcontractor. Boeing has ten weeks to finalize the details of eight systems on it.

https://www.rocketstem.org/2015/07/06/construction-of-the-lunar-rover-changed-exploration-of-the-moon/

https://www.historylink.org/file/10045
https://secure.boeingimages.com/archive/Lunar-Roving-Vehicle-2F3XC5NZZ_Z.html

https://mashable.com/article/nasa-lunar-roving-vehicle-anniversary
https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/fifty-years-ago-nasa-took-its-first-drive-on-the-moon-131230/

https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/MSFC-LRV.pdf
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100000019/downloads/20100000019.pdf

Before @Boeing got the contract to build the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) on Oct. 28, 1969, @NASAMarshall had been testing various concepts for a moon vehicle throughout the 1960s.
Check out lunar rover concepts from NASA's history: https://go.nasa.gov/3MiD11f

https://x.com/NASAhistory/status/1718326781743394904

[Orionid]

20.07.1969 pomnik Astronautów Amerykańskich w Krakowie został odsłonięty na stadionie KS „Bronowianka” jako pierwszy na świecie upamiętniający pierwsze lądowanie ludzi na Księżycu.
Został on zaprojektowany przez Danutę Nabel-Bochenkową i wykonany wspólnie z Kazimierzem Łaskawskim”.
10.1969 pomnik uległ likwidacji.
https://www.miesiecznik.krakow.pl/teksty-z-miesiecznika/kosmos-bronowianka-i-pomnik-armstronga/
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnik_Astronaut%C3%B3w_Ameryka%C5%84skich_w_Krakowie
https://budzet.krakow.pl/projekty2022/4569-rekonstrukcja_pomnika_astronautow_amerykanskich_w_krakowie.html

[Orionid]

12.12.1962 zostało opublikowane studium wykonalności modyfikacji systemów Apollo pod kątem potencjalnej 100-dniowej operacyjności orbitalnej.
Prowadzone przez Owena Maynarda, szefa oddziału integracji statków kosmicznych MSC, badanie wykazało, że pomimo znaczących modyfikacji niektórych systemów ze znacznym zwiększeniem masy pojazdu, taka misja byłaby wykonalna.

A feasibility study on modifying  Apollo systems for a potential 100-day Earth orbital capability was reported OTD 1962. Led by Owen Maynard, Head of the MSC Spacecraft Integration Branch, the study found despite extensive upgrades & mass penalties such a capability was possible.

https://x.com/aisoffice/status/1867139131010060500

[Orionid]

26.05.1959 pierwszy silnik Saturn H-1 (H-1001) został odpalony po raz pierwszy na stanowisku testowym ABMA w Redstone Arsenal w Alabamie.
Dokładnie rok później 26.05.1960, 35,16-sekundowe odpalenie statyczne wszystkich 8 silników H-1 Saturn C-1 było pierwszą publiczną demonstracją H-1.
https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/rocket-engine-liquid-fuel-h-1/nasm_A19700259000
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/H-1.html

https://www.drewexmachina.com/2019/12/20/the-birth-of-nasas-saturn-c-1-rocket/

The initial Saturn H-1 engine (H-1001) was fired for the first time, OTD 1959, at the ABMA static test stand,  Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. Exactly 1 year later, OTD 1960, a 35.16 sec static firing of all 8 H-1 engines of the Saturn C-1 was the 1st public demonstration of the H-1

https://twitter.com/aisoffice/status/1927014944433746350

[Orionid]

29.05.1962 po ocenie 3. metod transportu złożonego Saturna V z VAB na stanowiska startowe LC-3, Rada ds. Zarządzania Załogowymi Lotami Kosmicznym zatwierdziła koncepcję mobilnej wyrzutni z wykorzystaniem transportera gąsienicowego jako najbardziej realną w porównaniu z barką i kanałem lub systemem kolejowym.

Astro Info Service @aisoffice
After evaluating 3 methods of transporting the assembled Saturn V from the VAB to the LC-39 pads, on OTD 1962,the Manned Space Flight Management Council approved the mobile launcher concept, using the crawler transporter, as the most feasible over a barge & canal or a rail system

https://x.com/aisoffice/status/1928027008530825356

Past-To-Future: NASA’s Crawler-Transporters
by Jason Rhian 13 years ago


NASA's crawler-transporters have been around since the Apollo era and are now being prepared for future missions. Photo Credit: Julian Leek/Blue Sawtooth Studios

Some companies that manufactured parts for the crawler-transporters no longer exist making the task of preparing them for future missions more challenging. The transporter’s massive treads are one of the vehicle’s elements that are currently experiencing these issues. (...)
https://www.americaspace.com/2012/04/28/past-to-future-nasas-crawler-transporters/

[Orionid]

11.06.1965 Grumman rozpoczął ocenę podstawowych zasad dotyczących całkowitego poziomu magazynowania tlenu gazowego LM ECS, konfiguracji zbiornika, wymagań systemowych i ciężaru.
Rozważono również uzupełnianie PLiSS dla operacji EVA dla 1. lub 2. osób i ponowne sprężanie kabiny.
http://www.astronautix.com/l/lmecs.html

Astro Info Service @aisoffice 11:18 AM · Jun 11, 2025
Grumman began an evaluation, OTD 1965, of the ground rules for the LM ECS total gaseous oxygen storage levels, tank configuration, system requirements, and weights. Consideration was also given to PLiSS replenishment for either 1- or 2-man EVA operations & cabin repressurizations

https://twitter.com/aisoffice/status/1932729142497185930

[Orionid]

14.06.1967 zostały ogłoszone oficjalne oznaczenia i skróty dla przyszłych członków załogi Apollo.
Były to: Commander-CDR, Command Module Pilot-CMP i Lunar Module Pilot-LMP.
Terminologia ta była wymagana, aby zminimalizować zamieszanie i była stosowana do Apollo 17 w 12.1972.

Astro Info Service @aisoffice 5:29 PM · Jun 14, 2025
Official designations & abbreviations for forthcoming Apollo flight crew members were announced OTD 1967. They were: Commander-CDR, Command Module Pilot-CMP & Lunar Module Pilot-LMP. This terminology was required to minimise confusion & continued until Apollo 17 in December 1972.

https://x.com/aisoffice/status/1933909782458466341